9-D Wednesday, the twenty-third of December Theme: Listening Follow my link at 10.30 Ирина Толстова приглашает вас на запланированную конференцию: Zoom. Тема: Zoom meeting invitation - Zoom Meeting Ирина Толстова Время: 23 дек. 2020 10:30 AM Киев Подключиться к конференции Zoom https://us04web.zoom.us/j/76668780688?pwd=MUJQdmZEY1pXQjhodk9DU1VEQVpSUT09 Идентификатор конференции: 766 6878 0688 Код доступа: 0E9m6s

1 Д клас Wednesday, the 23rd of December. Animals Follow my link: Ирина Толстова приглашает вас на запланированную конференцию: Zoom. Тема: Zoom meeting invitation - Zoom Meeting Ирина Толстова Время: 23 дек. 2020 09:15 AM Киев Подключиться к конференции Zoom https://us04web.zoom.us/j/75732519287?pwd=ek9mK1pmMklmaVBVRVdsZGliMEpyUT09 Идентификатор конференции: 757 3251 9287 Код доступа: Y1XVih Words:(слова) tree-дерево water-вода spider-павук crocodile-крокодил snake-змія frog-жаба elephant-слон W.b. p49 exercise 2 (Робочий зошит с 49 вправа 2) Read and draw (прочитай та намалюй) W.b. p.50 ex 2 Find 5 differences( Знайди 5 выдмінностей ) (Reading)Читання Rr ( Прочитай слова ) Ran, red, frog, Fred, Rob,roll, rock,rein. Let`s listen to this song and sing: https://youtu.be/OwRmivbNgQk

9 form Tuesday, the twenty-second of December Theme:Writing Follow the link at 11.15 Ирина Толстова приглашает вас на запланированную конференцию: Zoom. Тема: Zoom meeting invitation - Zoom Meeting Ирина Толстова Время: 22 дек. 2020 11:15 AM Киев Подключиться к конференции Zoom https://us04web.zoom.us/j/72629830842?pwd=MjBqay90cWMxNVVxUm1BcDVaQ1F0dz09 Идентификатор конференции: 726 2983 0842 Код доступа: PrT3Xe

1 клас Американська програма(Pace Work) Tuesday, the twenty-second of December Follow the link at 13.15 Ирина Толстова приглашает вас на запланированную конференцию: Zoom. Тема: Zoom meeting invitation - Zoom Meeting Ирина Толстова Время: 22 дек. 2020 01:15 PM Киев Подключиться к конференции Zoom https://us04web.zoom.us/j/76610796216?pwd=MDRKQ1JSTHBycHNuZWZ5Mk05Kzh0UT09 Идентификатор конференции: 766 1079 6216 Код доступа: w8Z1Nx Town невелике місто Road дорога Ground земля Leaf лист(з дерева) Leaves листя Rake граблі Pine cone шишка Pumpkin ˈ гарбуз Pace#8 page 18 Color 75 yellow(розмалюй 75 жовтим) color 76 brown(розмалюй 76 коричневим) color 77 orange(розмалюй 77 помаранчевим) color 78 green(розмалюй 78 зеленим) page 19 What number is missing? Запиши пропущену цифру page 20 Find and circle Знайди верхній рядок слів на малюнку і обведи їх! Listen this song and sing Послухай та заспівай пісню https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGetqbqDVaA

9 клас Monday, the twenty-first of December Theme: Writing Join the lesson in Zoom at 10:15 Ирина Толстова приглашает вас на запланированную конференцию: Zoom. Тема: Zoom meeting invitation - Zoom Meeting Ирина Толстова Время: 21 дек. 2020 10:15 AM Киев Подключиться к конференции Zoom https://us04web.zoom.us/j/76035090460?pwd=NjMwVHlBRzEwTTJhcWtQekprSDYwUT09 Идентификатор конференции: 760 3509 0460 Код доступа: 98xreV

1 клас Американська програма Monday, the twenty-first of December Join the lesson in Zoom at 9:00 Ирина Толстова приглашает вас на запланированную конференцию: Zoom. Тема: Zoom meeting invitation - Zoom Meeting Ирина Толстова Время: 21 дек. 2020 09:00 AM Киев Подключиться к конференции Zoom https://us04web.zoom.us/j/78769159041?pwd=dEhoU29QZ29DTVh0RGZJeFB0Q1Izdz09 Идентификатор конференции: 787 6915 9041 Код доступа: S1K1Fd Learn the words: Town невелике місто Road дорога Ground земля Leaf лист(з дерева) Leaves листя Listen to these songs and sing: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fe9bnYRzFvk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXMofxtDPUQ Lesson 2 Національна програма Theme:Animals Join the lesson in Zoom at 11:30 Ирина Толстова приглашает вас на запланированную конференцию: Zoom. Тема: Zoom meeting invitation - Zoom Meeting Ирина Толстова Время: 21 дек. 2020 11:30 AM Киев Подключиться к конференции Zoom https://us04web.zoom.us/j/73436914163?pwd=NHNEQ003V3ZVZkpaM0VqMG0rd3NkUT09 Идентификатор конференции: 734 3691 4163 Код доступа: hdRWz5 What is your favourite pet? Listen to this song and sing: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWepfJ-8XU0 Let`s learn the new letter R and sound [r] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUSJeivdEH8 Read the words with sound [r]: Rr 1Rock, roll,red,rain,Rob,Fred,ran 2Roll,red,rock,Rob,ran,rain,Fred 3Red,rain,Fred,ran,roll,rock,Rob Have a nice day!!!! See YOU!!!!

Friday, the eleventh of December 9 form Theme: Fast Food Join the lesson in Zoom at 10.00 Follow this link, please Ирина Толстова приглашает вас на запланированную конференцию: Zoom. Тема: Zoom meeting invitation - Zoom Meeting Ирина Толстова Время: 11 дек. 2020 10:00 AM Киев Подключиться к конференции Zoom https://us04web.zoom.us/j/79013840994?pwd=Ni84TlhaMEJiendRTHNUN0hXTlVRdz09 Идентификатор конференции: 790 1384 0994 Код доступа: 5Xy079 Homework: Your class has had a discussion about the following statement: More people should stop eating at fast food outlets and eat at home instead. Now, your teacher has asked you to write an essay giving your opinion on the topic. (120 – 180 words)

Thursday, the tenth of December Theme: Fast Food Join the lesson in Zoom at 10.00 Ирина Толстова приглашает вас на запланированную конференцию: Zoom. Тема: Zoom meeting invitation - Zoom Meeting Ирина Толстова Время: 10 дек. 2020 10:00 AM Киев Подключиться к конференции Zoom https://us04web.zoom.us/j/78755495824?pwd=NkJrdkxZblEyU1RqOUtTK09ncEhhUT09 Идентификатор конференции: 787 5549 5824 Код доступа: 7KSc2mJoin the lesson in Zoom at 10.00

Wednesday, the ninth of December Theme: Vocabulary Practice Join the lesson in Zoom at 10.00 Ирина Толстова приглашает вас на запланированную конференцию: Zoom. Тема: Zoom meeting invitation - Zoom Meeting Ирина Толстова Время: 9 дек. 2020 10:00 AM Киев Подключиться к конференции Zoom https://us04web.zoom.us/j/77014612757?pwd=THZ4UVczRUltRm9zU1U1VXJGdDJqQT09 Идентификатор конференции: 770 1461 2757 Код доступа: 6aDy44

 Tuesday, the eighth of December

Theme: Speaking Skills

Homework:

Read the dialogues (1-3). Complete the dialogues (1-3) with appropriate responses by circling the appropriate letter (A, B or C).

 

  1   X: What seems to be the problem?

       Y: ..................................................................

            A  It’s very painful.

            B  I think I’ve sprained my ankle.

            C  In my shoulder.

 

  2   X: ..................................................................

       Y: I cut myself last week and I think it’s infected.

            A  What’s bothering you?

            B  Where do you feel the pain?

            C  Where does it hurt?

 

  3   X: Can you put any weight on it?

       Y: ..................................................................

       X: It’s probably a bad sprain, then.

            A  Yes, I think I’ve broken it.

            B  Yes, I’m in a lot of pain.

            C  Yes, I can walk a little.

 Monday, the seventh of December

Theme: Speaking Skills

Join the lesson in Zoom at 10.00

Follow the link Ирина Толстова приглашает вас на запланированную конференцию: Zoom.

Тема: Zoom meeting invitation - Zoom Meeting Ирина Толстова

Время: 7 дек. 2020 10:00 AM Киев

Подключиться к конференции Zoom

https://us04web.zoom.us/j/77893751459?pwd=VlJ3MnhranBsTnlkYkwybHBwS0N0UT09

Идентификатор конференции: 778 9375 1459

Код доступа: jPDUu1

Дистанційне навчання 9Д клас 2020-2021

 

             Дистанційне навчання 9Д клас 2020-2021

Tuesday, the first of December

Theme: Our Skin

Join the lesson in Zoom at 10.00

Your H/W:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MlBbDUricy0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9YcVwAlBVF4

Complete the sentences using the correct form of “to have something done”

1.    The Smiths ___________ the roof _______________ last year. (repair)

2.    Molly ______________ the room ____________________ next month. (decorate)

3.    You should ___________ your eyes ___________ regularly. (test)

4.    We ___________ the television _________________ only last year! (repair)

5.    ________ you ____________ your car ______________ regularly?   (service)

6.    How often ___________ you _____________ your windows _____________? (clean)

7.    We _________________ the office _________________ every evening. (clean)

8.    Our neighbors __________________ a new garage ______________ at the moment (build)

Write down the sentences using the correct causative form. Use a modal verb where appropriate.

1.    Bob must/ really / the heating / fix. Winter is coming soon.

2.    She / her hair / dye blonde yesterday.

3.    They / the rooms / paint at the moment.

4.    After Alex / the sleeves / shorten, the blazer fit him perfectly.

5.    Instead of buying a new car, why / you / not / your old one / fix / ?

6.    What are those workmen doing in your garden? – Oh, we / a garage / build

7.    They / not / their TV / fix / yet

 16\10

Vocabulary Bank 5

Learn the words

probe космічна ракета

galaxy галактика, плеяда

satellite  - супутник

Ex1 Match the words to the pictures

Ex 2 Match the pictures to the definitions.

Ex 3 Match the  definitions to the job titles

Send me pictures of these exercises in Viber

 15\10

Skills (підготовка ло ДПА)

1. Read and answer ex.1p.52

2. Complete the dialogues. ex.2.p.52

3. Read the text and match the headings to the paragraphs ex.1p.53

4. Complete the gaps ex.2 p.53

Homework

Do ex 3p.53 in your exercise-books and send me pictures of it in Viber.(deadline 6p.m)

 Дистанційне навчання 

09.10.2020

9 form

Please, follow this link and do some tasks!!!!

https://padlet.com/tolstova102/7z3qomkgel9q1g4k

Don`t forget to wash your hands and please, be safe:)

 Дистанційне навчання 

08.10.2020

9 form

Please, follow this link and do some tasks!!!!

https://padlet.com/tolstova102/owuqftktjalvpt5b

Don`t forget to wash your hands and please, be safe:)

 Дистанційне навчання 

07.10.2020

9 form

Please, follow this link and do some tasks!!!!

https://padlet.com/tolstova102/Bookmarks

 Дистанційне навчання 

06.10.2020.

9 form 

Please, follow this link and do some tasks!!!!

https://padlet.com/tolstova102/xanp81nimlpf7560

 Дистанційне навчання 5.10

9 form

Workbook

Future tenses

1. Watch the video

2. Review the rules in Grammar Reference Section

3. Do exercises 1, 2 p.46(workbook)

4.Do the test https://test-english.com/grammar-points/b1/future-forms/

Дистанційний урок 8Б клас 29.05.2020

Friday, the twenty-ninth of May

Watch the video and do the tasks

https://en.islcollective.com/video-lessons/finding-love

Thank you, guys, for your work!
Have great summer holidays!
See you in September!

Use of English Test
28/05/2020

       Today, you are writing a test.
Send your completed test to my email.
Choose Past Simple, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, - ing form, to-
infinitive or infinitive without to.

1. While I was listening to the music, somebody ... into the room.
a. came
b. had come
2. I enjoyed this film even though I... it before.
a. saw
b. had seen
3. I tried to touch John in the morning but he already —
a. left
b. had left
4. The teacher ... that the pupil didn’t know the lesson.
a. understood
b. had understood
5. I... my composition by the end of the lesson.
a. wrote
b. had written
6. He told me he ... football before.
a. played
b. had played
7. When I... the door everybody was there.

a. opened
b. had opened
8. We ... him when we lived in Italy.
a. met
b. had met
9. At first I... the book, then I saw the film.
a. read
b. had read
10. When I... on the bus, I realized that I had forgotten my key.
a. was
b. had been
11. I didn’t know her address because I... the note with it.
a. lost
b. had lost
12. He remembered this accident which he ... on the road.
a. saw
b. had seen
13. She ... as a nurse before she became a doctor.
a. worked
b. had worked.
14. The children ... up the dishes after the dinner.
a. washed
b. had washed
15. We met Ann last week. She ... better than before.
a. looked
b. had looked
16. They hope … the arsonist soon.
a) to catch
b) catching
c) catch
17. It`s too dark outside ….home alone.
a) walking
b) To walk
c) Walk
18. He enjoys …. detective stories.
a) to watch
b) to watching
c) watching
19. He is used… long hours.
a) to working
b) work
c ) to work
20. Sally ___________ this text for 3 hours before Mark came.
a) had typed
b) has been typed
c) had been typing

21. Anthony _________ for his airplane for 3 hours when its delay was
announced.
a) had been waiting
b) has waited
c) had waited

22. I saw many huge puddles. ______ it_______ hard?
a) was… raining
b) had… been raining
c) had… been rained


23. Sam did not even realize what a hard time Molly ______.
a) has been had
b) has been having
c) had been having

24. Rita _______ for a year and she was very fit when her ex-boyfriend met her.
a) had been training
b) has had training
c) had trained

Дистанційний урок

 8 клас

 27.05.2020

Listening

1.     Do the preparation task first.

https://learnenglishkids.britishcouncil.org/ru/video-zone/plastic-ocean-campaigner

2.    Then watch the video.
https://learnenglishkids.britishcouncil.org/ru/video-zone/plastic-ocean-campaigner

3.  Finally, play 2 games after watching the video.

https://learnenglishkids.britishcouncil.org/ru/video-zone/plastic-ocean-campaigner

Дистанційний урок 8Д, В класи

 26.05.2020

Tuesday, the twenty-sixth of May.

1.     Do the preparation task first.
https://learnenglishkids.britishcouncil.org/video-zone/small-talk-bullies

2.      Then watch the video.
https://youtu.be/UO-LiiCcCh4

3. Finally, play 2 games after watching the video.
https://learnenglishkids.britishcouncil.org/video-zone/small-talk-bullies

Have a nice day!

8 th grade

Monday, the twenty-fifth of MayLaw and Order

Reading and Speaking Skills. Use of English

I. Do the task, review the words on the topic Law and Order.

https://www.liveworksheets.com/xj401026yn. At the bottom of the page

press the button Finish and check your results.

II. Ex.1 p.42 – Read the text below and look up all the unknown words.

Underline the key words. For every text 1-4 choose the right sentences

and write the appropriate letter (A, B, C, D or E) in the table. One

sentence is extra.

III. Ex.2 p.42 – Read the email. Complete the gaps with the appropriate

expressions (1-3) by circling A, B or C.

IV. Ex.3 p.42 – Read the dialogues 1-3. Complete the dialogues1-3 with the

appropriate response by circling the appropriate letter (A, B or C)

Home Task – Make a screenshot of the Ex.1-3 p.42 and send to my email.

MISS YOU

Self-taught8 th grade22/05/2020

Crime and Order. Across Culture.
Rymond chandler. American crime fiction

I. Ex.1 p.41 – Read the text and look up all the unknown words. The, read
the text again and mark the sentences True or False.
II. Write 3 sentences in your copybooks you liked the most. Write 5
collocations adj+noun (eg. First story…). Write the synonyms to the words
story, popular, turn out, deal with, luxury in your copybooks.

Home Task – Make a screenshot of the tasks in your copybook and send
on my email.

Pace work
21/05/2020
form 8
Тема: Португальска колонізація.

The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires. It spanned almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to Macau's return to China in 1999. Portuguese explorers began exploring the coast of Africa in 1419, leveraging the latest developments in navigation, cartography and maritime technology searching for a sea route to the source of the lucrative spice trade. In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama reached India. In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral added Brazil to Portugal's "discoveries."

As skilled Portuguese sailors explored the coasts and islands of East Asia, a series forts and trading posts soon followed. By 1571, outposts connected Lisbon to Nagasak. The empire was now global, and a source of great wealth. Between 1580 and 1640, Portugal was Spain's junior partner in the Iberian Union. Although the Spanish and Portuguese empires were administered separately, Portugal's became the subject of attacks by the The Netherlands (engaged in a war of independence against Spain), England, and France. Unable to defend the network of trading posts and factories, the empire went into decline. The loss of the largest and most profitable colony, Brazil, in 1822 as independence movements swept through the Americas, was a blow from which Portugal and its empire never recovered.

The Scramble for Africa from the late nineteenth century gave Portugal a handful of African colonies. After World War II, Portugal's right-wing dictator, António Salazar, desperately tried to keep the Portuguese Empire intact as other European countries were withdrawing from their colonies. In 1961, the Portuguese Goa was unable to prevent Indian troops from annexing the colony, but Salazar began a long and bloody war to crush independence movements in Africa. This unpopular war lasted until the military coup of April 1974. The new government immediately recognized the independence of all colonies exceptMacau, which was returned to China in 1999, finally ending the Portuguese empire. The Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) is the cultural successor of the Empire. On the one hand, the Portuguese Empire, like most imperial projects, was exploitative and oppressive. Former colonies inherited economies designed to benefit Portugal, while few indigenous people had been equipped to lead their own state. On the other hand, Portugal's empire did much to create cultural and linguistic links across the globe, helping to nurture consciousness that in the end all humans occupy a single planetary home, which, if not kept healthy and sustainable, will become our common grave. Their explores helped humanity to realize that the world is one by mapping and charting its seas and continents.

The beginning of the Empire (1415-1494)

The Portuguese Reconquista culminated in 1249, with the conquest of the Algarve by Afonso III, setting the Portuguese borders which have lasted nearly unchanged to this day. Throughout the fifteenth century, the Crowns of Aragon and Portugal expanded territorially overseas. The Aragonese Empire, which had accomplished its Reconquista in 1266, focused on the Mediterranean Sea while the Portuguese Empire turned to the Atlantic Ocean and North Africa. The Kingdom of Castile did not complete the conquest of the last Moorish stronghold at Granada until 1492.

There were several reasons for Portugal to explore the unknown waters to its south and west. As a Catholic kingdom, Portuguese monarchs saw it as their duty to spread Christianity and destroy Islam in the process. The legend of the long-lost Christian kingdom of Prester John located somewhere in the Orient provided hope that, if it could only be reached, Islam could be encircled by Christian forces. At the same time, reaching the Orient would allow Portugal to tap into the source of the lucrative spice trade, bypassing the long overland route that the Venetians had a stranglehold on at its entry point to Europe. Portugal's long coastline and geographical location on the edge of Western Europe, hemmed in by the Spanish kingdoms to its east, and maritime experience, meant that the most promising route to achieving its goals was to find a sea route to the Orient.

Portugal began in 1415, by crossing the Gibralter and capturing Ceuta from the Moors, who unsuccessfully attempted to re-take it in 1418. In 1419, two of Prince Henry the Navigator's captains, João Gonçalves Zarco, Tristão Vaz Teixeira and Bartolomeu Perestrelo were driven by a storm to Madeira. In 1427, another Portuguese captain discovered the Azores.

In an expedition to Tangier, undertaken in 1436, by King Edward of Portugal (1433-1438), the Portuguese army was defeated and only escaped destruction by surrendering Prince Ferdinand, the king's youngest brother. By sea, Prince Henry's captains continued their exploration of Africa and the Atlantic Ocean. In 1434, Cape Bojador was crossed by Gil Eanes. In 1441, the first consignment of slaves was brought to Lisbon and slave trading soon became one of the most profitable branches of Portuguese commerce. Senegal and Cape Verde were reached in 1445. In 1446, António Fernandes pushed on almost as far as present-day Sierra Leone.

Meanwhile, colonization continued in the Azores (from 1439) and Madeira, where sugar and wine were now produced by settlers from Portugal, France, Flanders and Genoa. Above all, gold brought home from Guinea stimulated the commercial energy of the Portuguese. It had become clear that, apart from their religious and scientific aspects, these voyages of discovery were highly profitable.

Under Afonso V, the African (1443–1481), the Gulf of Guinea was explored as far as Cape St Catherine, and three expeditions (1458, 1461, 1471) were sent to Morocco. In 1458, Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir, in Arabic) was taken. In 1471, Arzila (Asila) and Tangier were captured.

In 1474, an explorer named João Vaz Corte-Real received a captaincy in Azores because he discovered Terra Nova dos Bacalhaus (New Land of Codfish) in 1472. Some claim this land is Newfoundland. Whether or not this is actually the case is difficult to ascertain, as Portuguese secrecy about the discoveries means that very little evidence remains. The dried cod became a vital economic commodity and a staple of the Portuguese diet.

Afonso V of Portugal claimed the Castilan-Leonese throne when he married Joan, Princess of Castile, but Isabella proclaimed herself queen. The Treaty of Alcáçovas, signed in 1479, gave exclusive navigation to Portugal of the sea below the Canary Islands and the Portuguese then recognized Isabella as queen of Castile.

Under John II (1481–1495), the fortress of São Jorge da Mina, the modern Elmina, in Ghana, was founded for the protection of the Guinea trading and became Portugal's West African headquarters until 1637. Diogo Cão discovered Congo in 1482 and reached Cape Cross in 1486. In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope. The passage to the Indian Ocean was open.

Lesson  21.05 

CLIL HISTORY
How Wild was the Wild West?

Watch the video and get to know.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/wild-west-facts-lesson-for-kids.html
Do the quiz

Read the text p.41 How Wild was the Wild West?
Answer the questions Ex1p.41 in your exercise-books

 Home Task – Send the photo of your answers to Ex.1 p. 41 on my email

Pace work
20/05/2020
form 8
Тема: Амфібії.

About Amphibians

Amphibians are small vertebrates that need water, or a moist environment, to survive.

The species in this group include frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts. All can breathe and absorb water through their very thin skin.

Amphibians also have special skin glands that produce useful proteins. Some transport water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide either into or out of the animal. Others fight bacteria or fungal infections. And at least one—in each species—is used for defense.

To warn potential predators, the most toxic amphibians are also the most brightly colored. Curare [kyoo-RAW-ree], for example, is found on the skin of colorful poison dart frogs. Another special feature of most amphibians is their egg-larva-adult life cycle. The larvae are aquatic and free-swimming—frogs and toads at this stage are called tadpoles. At a certain size, the young develop limbs and lungs. Some also lose their tails. Eventually, they hop or climb out of the water as adults, and spend the rest of their lives on land. This process is known as metamorphosis.

Like reptiles, amphibians are cold-blooded. Because of their special skin, they require very specific living conditions. Too much sun can damage their cells. Too much wind can dry their skin and dehydrate the animal. As a result, amphibians are the first to die off when their habitats are disturbed or contaminated with chemicals like weed killers. This is the main reason over half of all frog species are in danger of extinction.

https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/animals/amphibians/

Lesson  20.05 

form 8

Topic : Writing. An informal email giving an eyewitness accountan eyewitness account - свідчення очевидця

1. Ex. 1 p.40 Read the email and match the paragraphs to the headings.
2.  Ex. 2 p.40. Which adjectives does the writer use to describe these nouns?
3.  Ex. 3 p.40. Put the adjectives in the correct order.
4. Ex. 4 p.40. Choose the correct word.
5. Ex. 5 p.40Put the adjectives in brackets into the correct position
6. Ex. 6 p.40. Read the rubric and expand the prompts.


 Home Task – Ex.7 p.40 Use the answers in Ex.6 to complete the email. Send
the photo of Ex.7 p. 40 on my email tolstova102@gmail.com

I hope you are all safe and healthy. I miss each and every one of the students. You bring me more joy and happiness than any of you can imagine, and I hope we are together again soon:)

Pace Work19/05/2020form 8Тема: Особові займенники.

We use personal pronouns in place of noun phrases. We often use them to refer back to people and things that we have already identified (underlined):

Peter complained to the chef about the meal. She wasn’t very helpful so he spoke to the manager. (she = the chef, he = Peter)

A:

Where’s the knife? I can’t find it.

B:

It’s in the drawer. (it = the knife)

Personal pronouns show person and number. He, she, him and her show gender. They have different subject and object forms (except you, it and one which have only one form):

subject	object	number	gender	person
I	me	singular		first
you	you	singular or plural		second
he	him	singular	masculine	third
she	her	singular	feminine	third
it	it	singular		third
we	us	plural		first
they	them	plural		third
one	one	generic		third

Subject and object pronouns

Personal subject pronouns act as the subject of a clause. We use them before a verb to show who is doing the verb. We do not usually leave out the pronoun:

She loves playing basketball.

Not: … loves playing basketball.

They don’t finish the lesson until four o’clock.

It’s getting late.

We use personal object pronouns in all other positions, such as after the verb or after a preposition:

Paula’s coming to visit us in September. (us = object)

Thanks again for everything you did for me. (for me = prepositional phrase)

We also use personal object pronouns as complements of the verb be:

That’s him. That’s the man I was talking about. (him = complement of be)

We can use some object pronouns (me, him, her, us and them) as short answers, particularly in informal speaking:

A:

Who ate all the biscuits?

B:

Me. (or more formally: I did.)

I, me

We use I and me to refer to the speaker or writer. I is the subject form and me is the object form:

I can’t come on Friday. I’m working.

I am writing to apply for the position of …

Helen asked me to get some milk.

It’s me. Can you open the door? I haven’t got my key. (It is I. is not often used. It is very formal.)

Spoken English:

We sometimes hear me used as a subject in informal speaking after another subject + and:

My friends and me went on holiday to a little town on the south coast. (or Me and my friends went on holiday …; My friends and I went … is considered to be more correct.)

We sometimes use us to refer to me in informal speaking:

Pass us an orange, will you?

You

We use you to refer to the listener or reader. It is both the subject and the object form. You can refer to one person or more than one person. It is usually clear from the context whether you is singular or plural:

Paul, do you need any help? (refers to one person, Paul)

[coach to team]

The match starts at 10.30. I need you to be here at 10. (refers to a group of people)

We sometimes use you all to address everyone in a group:

What would you all like to eat?

In informal contexts, we also use you to refer to people in general, not someone specific:

You get a pension if you’re a man over the age of 65 or a woman over 60.

He, him; she, her

He, him, she and her are singular third person pronouns. He and him are the masculine forms. She and her are the feminine forms:

A:

Have you seen Johnny Roberts recently?

B:

Yes I saw him in town last week. He’s looking really well.

She didn’t like the way he spoke to her.

Traditionally, he and him were used to refer to both genders in formal writing:

If anyone has any evidence to oppose this view, let him inform the police immediately.

Nowadays, we often see gender neutral forms (e.g. he or she, he/she, s/he, (s)he, they and him or her, him/her, them) when we do not know if the person referred to is male or female:

The bank manager could help with your problem. He or she will probably be able to give you a loan. (or … he/she will probably be able to … or … they will probably be able to …)

Go to a hairdresser. Ask him or her to come up with a style that suits you, your hair, your lifestyle. (or … ask him/her to come up with a style … or … ask them to come up with a style …)

When you get into the building, go to the person on the desk in the reception area. They can tell you where to go. (or He or she can tell you where to go.)

See also:

• One
• Sexist language

It

We use it to refer to things:

My computer isn’t working. It’s crashed again. Can you have a look at it?

We use it as an empty pronoun, also known as a ‘dummy’ subject, where there is no other subject to put in the subject position, particularly when referring to the weather or time:

It’s so lovely to see you.

It’s already ten o’clock.

It’s snowing.

We usually use it to refer to countries, vehicles and machines. In some traditional styles, she was sometimes used, but this is now considered inappropriate by many people:

We spent three weeks in Malaysia. It’s a beautiful country.

Three hours after the ship sailed, it developed engine trouble. (or, more traditionally: … she developed engine trouble.)

See also:

• Subjects
• It
• Sexist language
• Dummy subjects

We, us

We use we and us to refer to different groups of people, but always including the speaker. We and us can refer to the speaker + the listener, or the speaker + other people but not the listener, or people in general including the speaker:

We could go and see a film tonight. What do you think? (we = speaker + listener)

Gerald asked us if we’d drive to London and get you. (us/we = speaker + others but not listener you)

Changing diet, rather than dieting, is a healthier alternative. There are changes we should all make. (we = speaker + listener + all other people)

They, them

We use they and them to refer to specific groups of people, things and animals:

The kids are getting on my nerves. They’re making so much noise. Can you tell them to be quiet? I’m trying to work.

A:

Have you seen my keys? I never remember where I’ve left them.

B:

They’re by the front door.

We also use they and them to refer to institutions or authorities, and groups of people in general:

I heard they’re going to publish a new edition of ‘War and Peace’.

They’re opening the new motorway tomorrow.